Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks – an update 2017–2022

Abstract The current study presents a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks reported between 2017 and 2022. Totally, 416 were attributed to transmission protozoa. Cryptosporidium was the etiological agent in 77.4% (322) outbreaks, while Giardia 17.1% (71). Toxoplasma gondii Naegleria fowleri causal 1.4% (6), 1% (4) respectively. Each Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Dientamoeba fragilis mentioned 0.72% (3) outbreaks. Moreover, each Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Vittaforma corneae, Enterocytozoon bieneusi 0.24% (1) total majority (195, 47%) North America. suspected sources for 313 (75.2%) recreational water and/or swimming pools, accounting 92% Furthermore, 25.3% caused by associated with pools. Developing countries are most probable regions impacted such due lack reliable monitoring strategies treatment process. There is still need international surveillance reporting systems concerning both diseases contamination